2)      CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT):

So what’s a CPU? It stands for Central Processing Unit. Many users erroneously refer to the whole computer box as the CPU. In fact, the CPU itself is only about 1.5 inches square. The CPU does exactly what it stands for. It is the control unit that processes all* of the instructions for the computer. Consider it to be the “brain” of the computer. It does all the thinking. So, would you like to have a fast or slow brain? Obviously, the answer to this question makes the CPU the most important part of the computer. The speed here is the most significant. The processor’s (CPU’s) speed is given in a MHz or GHz rating (see Glossary). 3 GHz is roughly 3,000 MHz.

* In today’s computers, the video cards, sound cards, etc. also process instructions, but the majority of the burden lays on the CPU.

3)    RAM (MEMORY):

All programs, instructions, and data must be stored in system memory before the computer can use it. It will hold recently used programs, instructions, and data in memory if there is room. This provides quick access (much faster than hard drives) to information. The more memory you have, the more information you will have fast access to and the better your computer will perform.
Memory is much like the short term memory in your brain. It holds your most recent information for quick access. Just as you want to accurately remember this information in your head, you want your computer’s memory to have the correct information as well, or problems will obviously occur. Bad memory is one of the more common causes of computer crashes, and also the most difficult problem to diagnose. Because of this, making sure you get good RAM the first time around is very important. My Recommendations will help you get the fastest, highest quality RAM you can.
There are many, many different types of memory for different tasks. The main ones today are DDR PCxx00 SDRAM DIMMs (this includes PC2700, PC3200, etc.) and Direct RDRAM RIMMs

4)      HARDDRIVES:

As the primary communication device to the rest of the computer, the hard drive is very important. The hard drive stores most of a computer’s information including the operating system and all of your programs. Having a fast CPU is not of much use if you have a slow hard drive. The reason for this is because the CPU will just spend time waiting for information from the hard drive. During this time, the CPU is just twiddling it’s thumbs…
The hard drive stores all the data on your computer – your text documents, pictures, programs, etc. If something goes wrong with your hard drive, it is possible that all your data could be lost forever. Today’s hard drives have become much more reliable, but hard drives are still one of the components most likely to fail because they are one of the few components with moving parts. The hard drive has round discs that store information as 1s and 0s very densely packed around the disc.

5)      CD-ROM/DVD-ROM:

CD-ROM drives are necessary today for most programs. A single CD can store up to 650 MB of data (newer CD-Rs allow for 700 MB of data, perhaps more with “overburn”). Fast CD-ROM drives have been a big topic in the past, but all of today’s CD-ROM drives are sufficiently fast. Of course, it’s nice to have the little bits of extra speed. However, when you consider CD-ROM drives are generally used just to install a program or copy CDs, both of which are usually done rarely on most users’ computers, the extra speed isn’t usually very important. The speed can play a big role if you do a lot of CD burning at high speeds or some audio extraction from audio CDs (i.e. converting CDs to MP3s).
CD-R/RW (which stands for Recordable / ReWritable) drives (aka burners, writers) allow a user to create their own CDs of audio and/or data. These drives are great for backup purposes (backup your computer’s hard drive or backup your purchased CDs) and for creating your own audio CD compilations (not to mention other things like home movies, multimedia presentations, etc.).
DVD-ROM drives can store up to 4 GB of data or about 6 times the size of a regular CD (not sure on the exact size, but suffice to say it’s a very large storage medium). DVDs look about the same and are the same size as a CD-ROM. DVD drives can also read CD-ROM drives, so you don’t usually need a separate CD-ROM drive. DVD drives have become low enough inprice that there isn’t much point in purchasing a CD-ROM drive instead of a DVD-ROM drive. Some companies even make CD burner drives that will also read DVDs (all in one). DVD’s most practical use is movies. The DVD format allows for much higher resolution digital recording that looks much clearer than VCR recordings.
DVD recordable drives are available in a couple of different formats – DVD-R or DVD+R with a RW version of each. These are slightly different discs and drives (although some drives support writing to both formats). One is not much better than the other, so it really boils down to price of the media (and also availability of the media).

6)      VIDEO CARD ( GRAPHICS CARD)
Video cards provide the means for the computer to “talk” to your monitor so it can display what the computer is doing. Older video cards were “2D,” or “3D,” but today’s are all “2D/3D” combos. The 3D is mostly useful for gaming, but in some applications can be useful in 3D modeling, etc. Video cards have their own advanced processing chips that make all kinds of calcuations to make scenes look more realistic. The many video cards out there are based on much smaller number of different chipsets (that are run at different speeds or have slight differences in the chipsets). Different companies buy these chipsets and make their own versions of the cards based on the chipsets. For the most part, video cards based on the same chipset with the same amount of RAM are about equivalent in performance. However, some brands will use faster memory or other small optimizations to improve the speed. The addition of other extras like “dual head” (support for two monitors) or better cooling fans may also appear by different brands. At any rate, the first decision to make is what chipset you want your video card to use. If you aren’t interested in games, then the choice of chipset isn’t too difficult – just about any will do for the 2D desktop applications. There’s no point in buying a video card over $100 if you don’t plan to play games.

7)      POWER SUPPLY
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.

The most common computer power supplies are built to conform to the ATX form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangeable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as the standby mode available in many computers. The most recent specification of the ATX standard PSU as of mid-2008 is version 2.31.

8)      AUDIO:
Most computers require a sound card to decode sound files into audio that can be sent to your speakers (some have it build into the motherboard). Newer sound cards connect to PCI slots, but some of the older ones connect to ISA slots on your motherboard. Good sound cards allow you to play games and hear “3D audio” that makes it sounds like certain events are actually happening behind you. Some sound cards even do Dolby 5.1 decoding to allow you to listen to DVDs with full surround sound.

Computer speakers are different from regular stereo speakers in that they need to be shielded. They are often more expensive, and there are fewer high quality computer speakers than home stereo speakers. Speakers come in a variety of formats including quad speaker setups / 4.1 (2 front satellite speakers, 2 rear satellite speakers, and a subwoofer), 2 speakers setups, 2.1 speaker setups (2 satellite speakers and a subwoofer), and 5.1 speaker sets (2 front satellite speakers, 1 front center channel speaker, 2 rear satellite speakers, and a subwoofer).

9)      MONITOR:
Monitors obviously display what is going on in your computer. They can run at various resolutions and refresh rates. 640×480 is the default resolution for the Windows operating systems (this is a low resolution where objects appear large and blocky). 640×480 just means that 640 pixels are fit across the top of your monitor and 480 up and down. Most users prefer higher resolutions such as 800×600 or 1024×768 all the way up to 1600×1200 (and higher for graphics professionals). The higher resolutions make objects smaller, but clearer (because more pixels are fit in the screen). You can fit more objects on a screen when it is in a higher resolution. Larger monitors are better for running at the higher resolutions. If you run a high resolution on a small monitor, the text may be hard to read because of its small size, despite the clarity.

10)  COMPUTER CASE:
The computer’s case serves several functions. The motherboard is bolted down to the case so that the case protects it and all other components. The metal in the case also serves to ground the motherboard. The case’s power supply converts power into a form the motherboard can use.

A good case should have ample expansion bays to be able to add additional internal and external devices. It should have a strong enough power supply to power all the components you plan to add to your computer. The case should be designed aerodynamically so that airflow will flow in through the front and out through the back to properly dissipate all hot air. The case also needs to be sturdy enough to prevent components from moving around.

11)  INPUT DEVICES:
Simply your mouse and keyboard!



One of the trickier things about social skills is to get your message across.

One reason why people have difficulty with this is because they use more words than needed.

I know. I have done so too many times to count. I keep babbling on and on about something for far too long and fill the air with too many words.

Now, sometimes that can be a good and enjoyable thing. Sometimes it’s just a way to feed your own ego and keep the spotlight on yourself for as long as possible. A lot of the time I think it can be useful to simplify and try to use fewer words.

Why? I’ll get to that.

First though, just a few thoughts on the how. How do you keep your wordcount down? I think you just have to try to be more aware and alert. Think about what you are about to say before it whooshes out of your mouth. Focus on what you really want to convey.

Babbling on too much is, at least in my opinion, something that often comes from being too focused inward. Being too focused on yourself in a conversation.

If you instead focus more outward you’ll be less self-conscious. This reduces nervous and slightly nonsensical babbling.

And if you focus more outward, on the people you are talking to and less on your own glorious voice and golden words you’ll be more aware of what you are saying and how the conversation is going. If you focus on the other guy/gal you’ll be more focused on getting through and more attentive to the reactions you bring out.

So, stay aware of what you want to convey. And focus much of your attention outward to reduce babbling and to be more alert to what’s happening and how your message comes across. Now, on to reason number one why you should keep it simple.

1. Clarity.

Obviously. If you only use what is needed then there will be less room and risk for misunderstandings. And overall, the message usually gets through easier when someone keeps it simple. This has at least been my experience when I listen to people who keep it simple.

2. Emotional punch.

Just like when you’re writing, keeping it simple can give your spoken words a bigger emotional punch. When your message is focused and clearly directed instead of muddled and lost in too many words it becomes more powerful.

3. Less risk of boredom.

Even though you may think what you are saying is most interesting thing since we first discovered YouTube others may not share this feeling. If you keep it concise with a clear intention your message becomes more lucid, more emotionally powerful and probably shorter. So it becomes easier to keep the attention of your audience and actually get your message through.

4. You’ll be less eager to stroke your ego.

Going on and on about something may be a way to show off your cleverness. Cleverness is overrated. It’s mostly a good way to feed your own ego. It’s not such a good way to get your point across. Or to become less self-conscious.

By complicating things and wanting to be clever you reinforce your negative habit. You’ll focus too much on yourself and what others may think of you.

If you keep it simple and clear and if you focus on the people you are talking to you’ll become more free to say what you want. It might not feel as good at first since you are not stroking your ego or reinforcing your cleverness. But I have found that in the long run it makes things easier and reduces some of your own inner limitations. The real, less self-conscious you gets more of a chance to shine through.

5. It keeps the rest of your communication more focused and aligned.

If you keep your mind focused on what you are trying to convey and on the people you are talking to you are a lot more focused compared to if you just ramble on.

When your mind is more focused on these two things the rest of your body plays along more easily. And your body language and voice tonality is 93 percent of your communication.

As you are more involved and attentive in the conversation more emotions like enthusiasm is pumped into how you are saying something. And your body language becomes more focused with an alert posture and, for example, with clearer hand gestures. You become more in sync with yourself and all parts of your communication become simpler, clearer and more powerful.

Transistor circuit symbols

There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. This page is mostly about NPN transistors and if you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use these first.

The leads are labelled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).
These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels!

A Darlington pair is two transistors connected together to give a very high current gain.

In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there are field-effect transistors which are usually referred to as FETs. They have different circuit symbols and properties and they are not (yet) covered by this post.

Transistor currents

The diagram shows the two current paths through a transistor. You can build this circuit with two standard 5mm red LEDs and any general purpose low power NPN transistor (BC108, BC182 or BC548 for example).

The small base current controls the larger collector current.

When the switch is closed a small current flows into the base (B) of the transistor. It is just enough to make LED B glow dimly. The transistor amplifies this small current to allow a larger current to flow through from its collector (C) to its emitter (E). This collector current is large enough to make LED C light brightly.

When the switch is open no base current flows, so the transistor switches off the collector current. Both LEDs are off.

A transistor amplifies current and can be used as a switch.

This arrangement where the emitter (E) is in the controlling circuit (base current) and in the controlled circuit (collector current) is called common emitter mode. It is the most widely used arrangement for transistors so it is the one to learn first.

Functional model of an NPN transistor

The operation of a transistor is difficult to explain and understand in terms of its internal structure. It is more helpful to use this functional model:

• The base-emitter junction behaves like a diode.
• A base current I_B flows only when the voltage V_BE across the base-emitter junction is 0.7V or more.
• The small base current I_B controls the large collector current Ic.
• Ic = h_FE × I_B (unless the transistor is full on and saturated)
  h_FE is the current gain (strictly the DC current gain), a typical value for h_FE is 100 (it has no units because it is a ratio)
• The collector-emitter resistance R_CE is controlled by the base current I_B:
  • I_B = 0   R_CE = infinity   transistor off
  • I_B small   R_CE reduced   transistor partly on
  • I_B increased   R_CE = 0   transistor full on (‘saturated’)

Additional notes:

• A resistor is often needed in series with the base connection to limit the base current I_B and prevent the transistor being damaged.
• Transistors have a maximum collector current Ic rating.
• The current gain h_FE can vary widely, even for transistors of the same type!
• A transistor that is full on (with R_CE = 0) is said to be ‘saturated‘.
• When a transistor is saturated the collector-emitter voltage V_CE is reduced to almost 0V.
• When a transistor is saturated the collector current Ic is determined by the supply voltage and the external resistance in the collector circuit, not by the transistor’s current gain. As a result the ratio Ic/I_B for a saturated transistor is less than the current gain h_FE.
• The emitter current I_E = Ic + I_B, but Ic is much larger than I_B, so roughly I_E = Ic.

Darlington pair

This is two transistors connected together so that the current amplified by the first is amplified further by the second transistor. The overall current gain is equal to the two individual gains multiplied together:

Darlington pair current gain, h_FE = h_FE1 × h_FE2
(h_FE1 and h_FE2 are the gains of the individual transistors)

This gives the Darlington pair a very high currentgain, such as 10000, so that only a tiny base current is required to make the pair switch on.

Touch Switch Circuit

A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a very high current gain. It has three leads (B, C and E) which are equivalent to the leads of a standard individual transistor. To turn on there must be 0.7V across both the base-emitter junctions which are connected in series inside the Darlington pair, therefore it requires 1.4V to turn on.

Darlington pairs are available as complete packages but you can make up your own from two transistors; TR1 can be a low power type, but normally TR2 will need to be high power. The maximum collector current Ic(max) for the pair is the same as Ic(max) for TR2.

A Darlington pair is sufficiently sensitive to respond to the small current passed by your skin and it can be used to make a touch-switch as shown in the diagram. For this circuit which just lights an LED the two transistors can be any general purpose low power transistors. The 100k resistor protects the transistors if the contacts are linked with a piece of wire.

Using a transistor as a switch

When a transistor is used as a switch it must be either OFF or fully ON. In the fully ON state the voltage V_CE across the transistor is almost zero and the transistor is said to be saturated because it cannot pass any more collector current Ic. The output device switched by the transistor is usually called the ‘load’.

The power developed in a switching transistor is very small:

• In the OFF state: power = Ic × V_CE, but Ic = 0, so the power is zero.
• In the full ON state: power = Ic × V_CE, but V_CE = 0 (almost), so the power is very small.

This means that the transistor should not become hot in use and you do not need to consider its maximum power rating. The important ratings in switching circuits are the maximum collector current Ic(max) and the minimum current gain h_FE(min). The transistor’s voltage ratings may be ignored unless you are using a supply voltage of more than about 15V.

Protection diode

If the load is a motor, relay or solenoid (or any other device with a coil) a diode must be connected across the load to protect the transistor from the brief high voltage produced when the load is switched off. The diagram shows how a protection diode is connected ‘backwards’ across the load, in this case a relay coil.

Current flowing through a coil creates a magnetic field which collapses suddenly when the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the magnetic field induces a brief high voltage across the coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs. The protection diode allows the induced voltage to drive a brief current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic field dies away quickly rather than instantly. This prevents the induced voltage becoming high enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs.

When to use a relay

Transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay’s coil!

Advantages of relays:

• Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
• Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
• Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
• Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

• Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
• Relays cannot switch rapidly, transistors can switch many times per second.
• Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay’s coil.

Most ICs cannot supply large output currents so it may be necessary to use a transistor to switch the larger current required for output devices such as lamps, motors and relays. The 555 timer IC is unusual because it can supply a relatively large current of up to 200mA which is sufficient for some output devices such as low current lamps, buzzers and many relay coils without needing to use a transistor.

A transistor can also be used to enable an IC connected to a low voltage supply (such as 5V) to switch the current for an output device with a separate higher voltage supply (such as 12V). The two power supplies must be linked, normally this is done by linking their 0V connections. In this case you should use an NPN transistor.

A resistor R_B is required to limit the current flowing into the base of the transistor and prevent it being damaged. However, R_B must be sufficiently low to ensure that the transistor is thoroughly saturated to prevent it overheating, this is particularly important if the transistor is switching a large current (> 100mA). A safe rule is to make the base current I_B about five times larger than the value which should just saturate the transistor.

Choosing a suitable NPN transistor

The circuit diagram shows how to connect an NPN transistor, this will switch on the load when the IC output is high. If you need the opposite action, with the load switched on when the IC output is low (0V) please see the circuit for a PNP transistor below.

The procedure below explains how to choose a suitable switching transistor.

NPN transistor switch (load is on when IC output is high)

1. The transistor’s maximum collector current Ic(max) must be greater than the load current Ic.

1. The transistor’s minimum current gain h_FE(min) must be at least five times the load current Ic divided by the maximum output current from the IC.

1. Choose a transistor which meets these requirements and make a note of its properties: Ic(max) and h_FE(min).
   There is a table showing technical data for some popular transistors on the transistors page.
2. Calculate an approximate value for the base resistor:

1. For a simple circuit where the IC and the load share the same power supply (Vc = Vs) you may prefer to use: R_B = 0.2 × R_L × h_FE
2. Then choose the nearest standard value for the base resistor.
3. Finally, remember that if the load is a motor or relay coil a protection diode is required.

Example
The output from a 4000 series CMOS IC is required to operate a relay with a 100 coil.
The supply voltage is 6V for both the IC and load. The IC can supply a maximum current of 5mA.

1. Load current = Vs/R_L = 6/100 = 0.06A = 60mA, so transistor must have Ic(max) > 60mA.
2. The maximum current from the IC is 5mA, so transistor must have h_FE(min) > 60 (5 × 60mA/5mA).
3. Choose general purpose low power transistor BC182 with Ic(max) = 100mA and h_FE(min) = 100.
4. R_B = 0.2 × R_L × h_FE = 0.2 × 100 × 100 = 2000. so choose R_B = 1k8 or 2k2.

The relay coil requires a protection diode.

PNP transistor switch (load is on when IC output is low)

Choosing a suitable PNP transistor

The circuit diagram shows how to connect a PNP transistor, this will switch on the load when the IC output is low (0V). If you need the opposite action, with the load switched on when the IC output is high please see the circuit for an NPN transistor above.

The procedure for choosing a suitable PNP transistor is exactly the same as that for an NPN transistor described above.

LED lights when the LDR is dark

Using a transistor switch with sensors

The top circuit diagram shows an LDR (light sensor) connected so that the LED lights when the LDR is in darkness. The variable resistor adjusts the brightness at which the transistor switches on and off. Any general purpose low power transistor can be used in this circuit.

The 10k fixed resistor protects the transistor from excessive base current (which will destroy it) when the variable resistor is reduced to zero. To make this circuit switch at a suitable brightness you may need to experiment with different values for the fixed resistor, but it must not be less than 1k.

If the transistor is switching a load with a coil, such as a motor or relay, remember to add a protection diode across the load.

The switching action can be inverted, so the LED lights when the LDR is brightly lit, by swapping the LDR and variable resistor. In this case the fixed resistor can be omitted because the LDR resistance cannot be reduced to zero.

LED lights when the LDR is bright

Note that the switching action of this circuit is not particularly good because there will be an intermediate brightness when the transistor will be partly on (not saturated). In this state the transistor is in danger of overheating unless it is switching a small current. There is no problem with the small LED current, but the larger current for a lamp, motor or relay is likely to cause overheating.

Other sensors, such as a thermistor, can be used with this circuit, but they may require a different variable resistor. You can calculate an approximate value for the variable resistor (Rv) by using a multimeter to find the minimum and maximum values of the sensor’s resistance (Rmin and Rmax):

Variable resistor, Rv = square root of (Rmin × Rmax)

For example an LDR: Rmin = 100, Rmax = 1M, so Rv = square root of (100 × 1M) = 10k.

You can make a much better switching circuit with sensors connected to a suitable IC (chip). The switching action will be much sharper with no partly on state.

A transistor inverter (NOT gate)

Inverters (NOT gates) are available on logic ICs but if you only require one inverter it is usually better to use this circuit. The output signal (voltage) is the inverse of the input signal:

• When the input is high (+Vs) the output is low (0V).
• When the input is low (0V) the output is high (+Vs).

Any general purpose low power NPN transistor can be used. For general use R_B = 10k and R_C = 1k, then the inverter output can be connected to a device with an input impedance (resistance) of at least 10k such as a logic IC or a 555 timer (trigger and reset inputs).

If you are connecting the inverter to a CMOS logic IC input (very high impedance) you can increase R_B to 100k and R_C to 10k, this will reduce the current used by the inverter

1) What is Wi & What is Fi?

The name is coined from the terms Wireless & Fidelity. It is a direct descendant of the term Hi-Fi used for audio recording and playback equipment. Fidelity(in communication systems) refers to the degree to which the output is an exact replica of the input. It has nothing to do with sound quality, as most people think. Wi-Fi, in fact, has little to do with Fidelity. So I wouldn’t really agree that the name is justified. In fact, The name don’t mean shit. It’s just called so because it is… called so.

So, the fact is that Wi-Fi is a stuphid name and has nothing to do with fidelity. It’s not even supposed to be a short for Wireless Fidelity.

2) How it Works

Wi-Fi allows us to browse the internet without wires, using multiple devices, at high speeds. It uses radio signals in the unlicensed frequency bands(see 5 Facts About Bluetooth)-using particularily the frequencies 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz. The radio signal comes from the antenna to a Wi-Fi Router that decodes the signal to stuff your Wi-Fi device can understand(0’s & 1’s, that is). The digital goes to the device-the cell phone, laptop, xbox, or your desktop-anything that supports Wi-Fi. Most laptop’s come with an inbuilt Wi-Fi card. A card can also be installed and used via USB or using the PCI slot. Most coffee shops & restaurants have Wi-Fi networking-these are called hotspots.

Though, the new “Wi-Fi Direct” will allow Wi-Fi usage without the needs of hotspots-allowing direct interaction b/w devices-somewhat like Bluetooth-with a greater range-and higher speeds.

3)802.11? That’s Wi-Fi for you.

Wi-Fi is often referred to as 802.11 technology-this is because it is based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. The standard further has the following sub-standards which can be used for Wi-Fi communications:

802.11a-uses high frequency-hence, high speed but cannot penetrate walls.
802.11b-slower; about 11 mbps, lacks range but can penetrate walls.
(802.11c-not used for Wi-Fi)
Most commonly used-802.11g-54 mbps.
The future-801.11n-150mbps.

4)Spread Spectrum

Wi-Fi transmission makes use of The Spread Spectrum-which spreads the signal in the frequency domain to occupy higher bandwidths. More presicely, it emplys the single-carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum radio technology. This increases the reliability and security of the transmitted signals. (More info)

5)Wi-Fi won’t kill you… Or maybe it will?

All around you-wherever you go-the em waves follow. They are everywhere. Coming from antennas-going to cellphones-to more cellphones-to radio sets-to television sets-to walkie-talkies and so forth. And you can pretty much do nothing about it. The waves from WiFi devices are however of very low power and this power further drops as it follows the inverse square law(with distance). Perhaps, the effect they have on you is negligible compared to the effect cell phones have on you. And we’re definitely not going to stop using the cell phone, then why not use Wi-Fi?

Just post your need and you will find it in a day or two. Now save your precious time and get your desired software and applications or whatever you want Under the same roof.

The KMPlayer is a versatile media player which can cover various types of container format such as VCD, DVD, AVI, MKV, Ogg Theora, OGM, 3GP, MPEG-1/2/4, WMV, RealMedia, and QuickTime among others. It handles a wide range of subtitles and allows you to capture audio, video, and screenshots in many ways.

The player provides both internal and external filters with a fully controlled environment in terms of connections to other splitters, decoders, audio/video transform filters and renderers without grappling with the DirectShow merit system. Internal filters are not registered to user’s system to keep it from being messed up with system filters. The KMPlayer includes almost all the essential decoders required for media playback. Furthermore, to get beyond the limitation of internal decoders, the external ones such as commercial h.264 decoders or cyberlink/intervideo audio decoders can be specified, so that KMP works optimally by the users’ own customization. Even though the KMP is based upon directshow structure, it supports Winamp, Realmedia and Quicktime by the internal logic. Thus, it is possible to specify where to try to connect firstly the media in preferences.

In short, the player provides a strong hybrid structure efficient for interconnecting various directshow filters, Winamp input&dsp plugin, and internal filters. The most outstanding feature is that the player has the full control of filter connections to prevent a media playback from being messed.

The player can set multifarious audio and video effects, slow down or increase playback speed with regular tone, select parts of a video as favorites, do an exceptionally powerful A-B repeat, remap the keys of remote interface for HTPC including overlay screen controls, change a skin dynamically depending on a media type playing, and many more. It is completely customizable thanks to a wide selection of skins and color schemes, and the configuration options are extremely extensive.

Download

Download

Layoff notices were issued to 1,394 USA employees in all, company spokesperson Kari Fluegel told SPACE.com. The layoffs take effect Oct. 1 and were announced earlier this month by USA officials.

“Our workforce has known for several years that the Space Shuttle Program has been scheduled to end, but layoffs are always difficult for everyone involved,” said Virginia Barnes, USA president and chief executive, said in a July 6 statement. “We are committed to making this transition as smooth as possible.”

Shuttle program ending

The Houston-based United Space Alliance is a partnership between Boeing Co. and Lockheed Martin that has operated the space shuttle fleet for NASA since 1995.

Fluegel said 902 layoff notices were issued to USA workers in Florida, which is home to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral that serves as both launch site and home port for the agency’s three shuttles. Another 478 layoffs were issued for Texas, which is home to NASA’s shuttle mission operations, with 14 more in Alabama, where NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center is based.

About one-third of those recieving layoffs in each division nominated themselves for the cutbacks, Fluegel said.

NASA’s space shuttle fleet is set to retire next year after 30 years of launching astronauts into low-Earth orbit. The shuttles began flying in 1981 and have flown on 132 missions so far.

Two final shuttle missions are currently scheduled (in November and February, respectively) to complete the International Space Station, which has been under construction since 1998 by a consortium of 16 countries. Congress is discussing the possible addition of a third and final shuttle mission. If approved, that extra flight would likely launch next summer, NASA officials have said.

Fluegel said that if the extra shuttle flight is approved, it will not affect the impending Oct. 1 layoffs. But there could be repercussions for more layoffs ahead.

“This plan wouldn’t be affected at all, but it would affect the timing, obviously, of when we would do layoffs, and how we’d do layoffs, next year,” Fluegel said.

Debate on commercial spaceships

NASA is retiring its three space shuttles (Atlantis, Discovery and Endeavour) to make way for a new plan that aims to send astronauts to an asteroid by 2025, and then on to Mars. That new plan replaces the agency’s previous Constellation program, which sought to return astronauts to the moon in the 2020s.

President Barack Obama proposed cancelling the Constellation program, which included new rockets and spacecraft to launch astronauts. That plan would set aside $6 billion over five years to support the development of new commercial spaceships that could ferry astronauts into space.

Draft NASA authorization bills under review in both the Senate and House of Representatives, however, would cut the amount for commercial crew services, if approved.

NASA’s next space shuttle to fly will be Discovery, which is slated to launch Nov. 1 to deliver a storage room and robot assistant called Robonaut 2 to the $100 billion International Space Station.

Nutritive Values of Onions : Per 100 gm.

* Vitamin A : 50 I.U.
* Vitamin B :
* Vitamin C : 9 mg.
* Calcium : 32 mg.
* Phosphorus : 44 mg.
* Potassium : 300 mg.
* Carbohydrates : 10.3 gm.
* Protein : 1.4 mg.
* Calories : 45

Onion is Benenificial in the following conditions:

* Asthma
* Influenza
* Colds
* Tuberculosis
* Insomnia
* Pneumonia
* Antiallergy
* Obesity
* Reduce inflammation
* Slightly laxative
* High Blood Pressure
* Lowers cholesterol
* Prolong longevity
* Helps destroy worms and other parasites.
* Bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tube)
* Neuritis (inflammation of the nerves)
* Vertigo (inflammation of nerves)
* Diuretic (increases the secretion of urine)
* Diabetes mellitus – lowers blood sugar.
* Valuable for the hair, nails of the fingers and toes, and for the eyes.
* Sinus conditions – helps to drain mucus from the cavities and loosen phlegm.
* Whether fresh or cooked onions have antiplatelet, adhesiveness, thus preventing thrombosis